Saturday 18 July 2015

Linear Regulators Part 3

THE STANDARD NPN BASED REGULATOR

The first IC voltage regulators made used the NPN Darlington configuration for the pass device, and are designated as the Standard regulator.


The  voltage  where  the  output  actually  falls  out  of  regulation  (called  the  dropout voltage)  will probably  be  somewhere  between  1.5V  and  2.2V  for  a  Standard regulator (it is dependent on both load current and temperature).  The dropout voltage of the Standard regulator is the highest (worst) of the three  types. The ground pin current of the Standard regulator is the lowest (best) of the three regulator types.
  
THE LOW-DROPOUT (LDO) REGULATOR

The Low-dropout (LDO) regulator differs from the Standard regulator in that the pass device of the LDO is made up of only a single PNP transistor



The maximum specified dropout voltage of an LDO regulator is usually about 0.7V to 0.8V at full current, with typical values around 0.6V.  The dropout voltage is directly related to load current, which means that at very low values of load current the dropout voltage may be as little as 50 mV.  The LDO regulator has the lowest (best) dropout voltage specification of the three regulator types.

The  ground  pin  current  in  an  LDO  regulator  is  approximately  equal  to  the  load current  divided  by  the  gain  of  the  single  PNP  transistor.    Consequently,  the ground pin current of an LDO is the highest of the three types.

THE QUASI LOW-DROPOUT REGULATOR

A variation of the Standard regulator is the quasi-LDO, which uses an NPN and PNP transistor as the pass device



The dropout voltage for a quasi-LDO delivering rated current is usually specified at about  1.5V(max).    The  actual  dropout  voltage  is  temperature  and  load  current dependent, but could never be expected to go lower than about 0.9V (25°C) at even the lightest load.  The dropout voltage for the quasi-LDO is higher than the LDO, but lower than the Standard regulator.


The ground pin current of the quasi-LDO is fairly low (usually less than 10mA for full rated current) which is as good as the Standard regulator.

Summary:

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